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<urlset xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:image="http://www.google.com/schemas/sitemap-image/1.1" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9 http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9/sitemap.xsd"><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2014/03/03/gout-and-milk/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/slide11.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>cartoon of a section of a milk globule showing three layers of phospholipid membrane, surface proteins and xanthine oxidase</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/slide9.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide9</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/slide8.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide8</image:title><image:caption>This is the first metatarsophalangeal joint where 50% of first episodes of gout occur</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/slide7.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide7</image:title><image:caption>milk contains lots of xanthine oxidase </image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/slide6.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide6</image:title><image:caption>Fizzy drinks contain a lot of sucrose</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/slide5.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide5</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/slide4.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide4</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/slide3.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide3</image:title><image:caption>the purines adenine and guanine are converted into xanthine and then uric acid which is excreted in urine</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/slide2.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/slide1.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title></image:image><lastmod>2014-03-03T21:40:34+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2014/02/02/neutropenia-and-garlic/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/slide7.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide7</image:title><image:caption>mammogram of breast showing a cancer bottom right</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/slide6.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide6</image:title><image:caption>epirubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic chemotherapy agent which works by damaging DNA</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/slide5.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide5</image:title><image:caption>poster from first world war</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/slide4.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide4</image:title><image:caption>allicin and nitrogen mustard have a similar molecular shape - which is maybe why they have a similar smell</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/slide3.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide3</image:title><image:caption>When cells have damaged DNA which cannot be repaired they do the decent thing</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/slide2.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>garlic has its characteristic odour because it contains the molecule allicin, which helps protect it from bacteria and insects which want to eat it</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/slide1.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>Patients undergoing chemotherapy are given a whole pile of leaflets including advice about neutropenic sepsis</image:caption></image:image><lastmod>2014-02-07T17:55:55+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2014/01/05/overdose-and-grapefruit/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/slide6.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide6</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/slide5.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide5</image:title><image:caption>The information for this red apple is coded in the silicon chips of your computer as 0s and 1s, in a particular sequence to allow the screen to form this image. How does it work in your brain?</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/slide4.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide4</image:title><image:caption>paracetamol is sold in boxes of only 16 in the UK to reduce the likelihood of overdose</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/slide3.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide3</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/slide2.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>liver metabolic pathways for paracetamol</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/slide1.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>Simon Cowell photo courtesy Alison Martin of SimonCowellOnline.com.</image:caption></image:image><lastmod>2014-01-05T22:13:14+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/12/15/tuberculosis-and-edam/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide42.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide4</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide33.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide3</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide24.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>wax is used to protect shoes, furniture and a whole lot of other things</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide15.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>cartoon of a tuberculous granuloma - the centre is caveating - cheese-like - made from dead macrophages</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide32.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide3</image:title><image:caption>Nationaal Archief Fotocollectie Anefo</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide23.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>Image from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide14.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>pulmonary TB usually affects the upper part of the lungs</image:caption></image:image><lastmod>2013-12-18T10:02:05+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/12/09/diarrhoea-and-kidney-bean-salad/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide51.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide5</image:title><image:caption>Red kidney beans contain a toxin, phytohaemaglutinin which causes diarrhoea and vomiting if the beans are not cooked for long enough or at a high enough temperature.</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide41.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide4</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide31.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide3</image:title><image:caption>Chickens do not get ill from campylobacter - it is a commensal in their intestines</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide22.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>Most chickens bought in the UK contain campylobacter</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide13.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>Campylobacter are helical, like H pylori - it helps them swim through the mucus layer and invade into the intestinal epithelium
By De Wood, Pooley, USDA, ARS, EMU. [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons</image:caption></image:image><lastmod>2013-12-09T19:57:24+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/about/</loc><lastmod>2013-12-02T21:49:16+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>weekly</changefreq><priority>0.6</priority></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/12/02/acidosis-and-butter/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide21.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>lipolysis is controlled by insulin levels in the blood - in non-diabetics insulin secretion does not drop below about 0.5 units/hr - type 1 diabetics can have no insulin and lipolyisis is unrestrained</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide12.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide11.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>triglyceride is first broken down by lipolysis, which removes the fatty acid chain - the fatty acid is then chopped up two carbons at a time by beta oxidation, attached to coenzyme A is then processed into carbon dioxide, water and energy by mitochondria</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide6.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide6</image:title><image:caption>bomb calorimeter - the bomb is the small silver cylinder- picture from wikimedia commons - by harbor1</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide5.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide5</image:title><image:caption>blood ketone meter - I measured my blood just after breakfast - that was why the reading was zero</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide4.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide4</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide3.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide3</image:title><image:caption>Ryan would remove the green bits before eating this</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide2.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>Glucose used to be thought of as a wonder food</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slide1.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>acetone is commonly used as a solvent </image:caption></image:image><lastmod>2013-12-02T21:39:34+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/11/24/falling-over-and-liquorice/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide112.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide11</image:title><image:caption>liquorice has been popular for a long time - it is made from the root of the liquorice plant</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide101.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide10</image:title><image:caption>overfilling the glove means that even with no squeeze to the veins the thumb remains full of water when the glove is upright - overfilling the circulation with fludrocortisone can help prevent postural hypotension</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide091.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide09</image:title><image:caption>with reduced volume, squeezing the legs and abdomen no longer maintains filling of the thumb - cardiac filling reduces and blood pressure drops</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide081.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide08</image:title><image:caption>even with reduced volume - when lying flat the thumb is still filled with water and blood pressure is maintained</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide071.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide07</image:title><image:caption>to represent fluid loss - some water is poured out of the glove</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide061.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide06</image:title><image:caption>in healthy individuals the autonomic nervous system provides a squeeze of abdominal and leg veins to maintain filling pressure of the heart - notice the thumb is now full of water</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide051.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide05</image:title><image:caption>no venous squeeze due to failure of the autonomic system, due to brain stem or peripheral problems means no cardiac filling pressure - the thumb is empty</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide041.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide04</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide031.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide03</image:title><image:caption>glove about half filled with water - laid flat - notice the thumb is filled with water - this represents cardiac filling pressure</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide021.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide02</image:title><image:caption>standard clinical rubber glove</image:caption></image:image><lastmod>2013-12-10T22:10:02+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/11/18/old-age-and-malbec/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide18.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>Roger Corder, scientist and author of The Red Wine Diet</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide33.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide3</image:title><image:caption>cells must have some sort of clock inside them - it may well be the amount of methylation of DNA in the nucleus</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide23.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>polyphenols are large molecules made up of lots of phenols - they are useful antioxidants which trap oxygen radicals</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide17.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>Argentinian Malbec is full of tannins</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide16.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>teleomeres are on the end of chromosomes like the bits of plastic on the end of shoelaces - to stop them fraying</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide15.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide32.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide3</image:title><image:caption>One explanation of why elderly people die soon if they cannot walk fast. Illustration by Belle Mellor - http://bellemellor.com
(with permission - thanks Belle)</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide22.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>Dolly Parton - from Wikimedia commons </image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide14.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>The CT head scan on the left of a healthy 96 year old woman, the one on the right is of a 23 year old woman. The dark portion in the middle of the old brain is fluid, not brain. The younger person's head is completely full of brain.</image:caption></image:image><lastmod>2013-11-20T21:17:01+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/11/12/coughing-blood-and-scones/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide13.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>carbon dioxide is in equilibrium with acid and bicarbonate</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide12.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide12</image:title><image:caption>low frequency sounds are transmitted through normal lung easily, but high frequency sounds are attenuated and not transmitted</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide111.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide11</image:title><image:caption>oxy and deoxy haemoglobin have different absorption characteristics, which makes them different colours - the sats meter measures absorption at two different wavelengths and compares them, but only in the pulsatile part of the signal</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide10.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide10</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide09.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide09</image:title><image:caption>Photo of pulse oximeter probe - interestingly it looks very differenet in the photo from real live because my mobile phone camera captures infra-red images which we cannot see with our eyes normally - try it yourself</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide08.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide08</image:title><image:caption>Normally oxygen saturation measured by a pulse oximeter is 98%</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide07.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide07</image:title><image:caption>all junior doctors in our hospital wear a stethescope around their neck - it is a badge of office</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide06.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide06</image:title><image:caption>scones my wife made last week</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide05.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide05</image:title><image:caption>when mixed together produce lots of carbon dioxide</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide04.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide04</image:title><image:caption>bicarbonate and vinegar</image:caption></image:image><lastmod>2013-11-13T11:12:35+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/11/05/gallstones-and-mayonnaise/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide41.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide4</image:title><image:caption>French mayonnaise - made with olive oil and mustard</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide11.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>cartoon of gram positive bacterial cell wall - techoic acid is thought to inhibit the action of lysozyme and protect the peptidoglycan from being broken down - techoic acid contains phosphate groups which may be removed by alkaline phosphatase</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide31.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide3</image:title><image:caption>the hydrophilic parts of cholesterol are all on one side of the molecule - this allow it to act as a detergent - it works well to disperse fat into small globules so that pancreatic lipase can work on it and break it down to fatty acids and monoglyceride</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide3.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide3</image:title><image:caption>bile acids are a minor modification of cholesterol - hydrophilic OH  and COOH  groups are added to make it into a detergent</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide21.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide1.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>haem is broken down by the enzyme haem oxygenase to form bilirubin</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide4.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide4</image:title><image:caption>this is a pyrrole - all pyrroles are highly coloured, and are in most of the things which make people the colour they are</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide5.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide5</image:title><image:caption>bile is made in the liver - it is stored in the gallbladder and squirted into the small intestine after a fatty meal, along with pancreatic secretions - Sylvia's gallstone was impacted in the sphincter of Oddi</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/slide2.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>these people look jaundiced - in fact they are not - the whites of their eyes are white - this image is copyrighted but Wiki thinks its ok to use it so I'm hoping its ok for me to do so</image:caption></image:image><lastmod>2013-11-09T14:44:14+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/10/27/back-pain-and-blue-cheese/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide17.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>DNA helicase pulls the DNA strands apart so that they can be replicated to make more DNA  when the bacterium divides - but it causes a problem, the DNA becomes supercoiled </image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide16.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>DNA helicase forces the strands of DNA apart so that they can be copied to produce new DNA for the new bacterium after division - but this causes a problem with supercoiling of DNA which is sorted out by DNA gyrase - it chops the strand and rejoins it - having taken out the twist</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide15.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>our mitochondria can only use oxygen to get energy from electrons and protons derived from glucose - some bacteria have nitrate reductase which can use nitrate as an electron acceptor - nitrite is a by-product- and appears in infected urine as an indicator of infection</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide23.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>the basic penicillin molecule - the central beta lactam is in the pink circle</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide14.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>gentamicin is a relatively small molecule with three sugar groups and lots of amine groups (in red) - an aminoglycoside</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide121.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide12</image:title><image:caption>all sorted</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide111.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide11</image:title><image:caption>but topoisomerase IV comes to the rescue and chops the chain and rejoins it to separate the circular strands</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide102.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide10</image:title><image:caption>having replicated the DNA - the two circular strands are interlinked!</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide092.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide09</image:title><image:caption>DNA gyrase sorts out this problem - cutting the DNA strand and rejoining it having removed the twist</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide082.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide08</image:title><image:caption>in order to replicate, DNA helicase unwinds the DNA strand - this causes a problem with supercoiling in the area below the helicase enzyme</image:caption></image:image><lastmod>2013-10-27T21:29:56+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/10/20/vomiting-blood-and-yoghurt/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide22.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>general formula for amino acid - the red box stuff can usually be turned into carbon dioxide and water - the blue box stuff is harder to get rid of</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide13.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>two molecules of ammonia combine with one of carbon dioxide to make urea and water - its not as simple as that - but that is what the urea cycle does</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide022.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide02</image:title><image:caption>ancient Greek vase showing Prometheus having his liver pecked out by eagle wikimedia common user Bibi Saint-pol
</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide101.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide10</image:title><image:caption>when a piece of duodenum is put into the CLO test vial it will turn red if there are helicobacter pylori organisms - I just used a bit of soap for this photo as I did not have any infected duodenum to hand</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide091.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide09</image:title><image:caption>this CLO test kit contains phenol red - it is yellow when acid and red when alkaline</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide081.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide08</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide071.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide07</image:title><image:caption>model of helicobacter showing corkscrew shape and long flagellae</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide061.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide06</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide051.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide05</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide041.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide04</image:title></image:image><lastmod>2013-10-26T17:10:06+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/10/06/broken-arm-and-salami/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide12.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>new edition of harold mcgee's book - updated and more comprehensive, but more of a pain to carry around</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/rust.jpg</image:loc><image:title>rust</image:title><image:caption>rust is reddish brown because it is iron in the form of Fe3+</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/harold-mc-gee.jpg</image:loc><image:title>harold mc gee</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/meat.jpg</image:loc><image:title>meat</image:title><image:caption>rump steak goes brown on the surface due to conversion of myoglobin into metmyoglobin</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide10.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide10</image:title><image:caption>Haem is the key working part of myoglobin and haemoglobin. The iron is trapped safely in the middle</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide09.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide09</image:title><image:caption>chlorophyll has a very similar structure to haem, except it has magnesium in the middle instead of iron</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide08.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide08</image:title><image:caption>creatine and creatinine are small molecules which are in chemical equilibrium</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide07.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide07</image:title><image:caption>cartoon of a glomerulus and renal tubule - modified from Wiki commons madhero 88</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide06.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide06</image:title><image:caption>salami contains nitrite which helps kill C. botulinum spores</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide05.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide05</image:title><image:caption>pigs kidney</image:caption></image:image><lastmod>2013-10-13T21:35:43+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/10/13/heart-failure-and-haggis/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/haggis.jpg</image:loc><image:title>haggis</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/capillary-2.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Capillary 2</image:title><image:caption>capillaries have just one layer of cells and are just big enough to allow a red blood cell through</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide7.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide7</image:title><image:caption>when the left ventricle fails it cannot pump blood out of the lungs and pulmonary venous pressure rises - reduced arterial pressure is sensed by baroreceptors and the kidney - reflex venoconstriction and reduction in urine output lead to a rise in central venous pressure which makes the right heart pump more blood into the lungs - increasing pulmonary oedema - fluid retention by the kidneys is the cause of peripheral oedema, not "back pressure"</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide61.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide6</image:title><image:caption>this diagram shows the two sides of the heart separated - the pressure in the pulmonary vein is higher than the central venous pressure on the right side</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide51.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide5</image:title><image:caption>central venous pressure is very much affected by the volume of blood in the circulation, which in turn depends on the balance between fluid input and output - cups of tea and daily urine volume</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide41.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide4</image:title><image:caption>blood moves around in a circuit - the pressure (height of column of blood) in the reservoir will not change if the pump is pumping fast or slowly - but the pressure on the arterial side will very much depend on how much the pump is pumping</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide31.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide3</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide21.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title><image:caption>the higher the column of blood in the reservoir, the harder the heart pumps - it now has valves so the blood can only go in one direction</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide11.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>the ventricles are made of muscle which squeezes fluid - without valves it would not pump in one direction</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/slide6.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide6</image:title></image:image><lastmod>2014-02-04T21:48:49+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/09/29/asbestos-and-black-pudding/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/heparin-structure.jpg</image:loc><image:title>heparin structure</image:title><image:caption>heparin is a chain of sugars with amino groups and sulphate groups
low molecular weight heparin has short chains of five sugars</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/silica.jpg</image:loc><image:title>silica</image:title><image:caption>the granite worksurface, the ceramic tiles and grout, the pottery bowl, the glass and surface of the paper are made of silicates. </image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/black-pudding.jpg</image:loc><image:title>black pudding</image:title><image:caption>black pudding</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide110.jpg</image:loc><image:title>fdp</image:title><image:caption>cartoon of fibrin breakdown - from Jfdwolff wikimedia commons </image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide19.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/mucopolysaccharide.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Mucopolysaccharide</image:title><image:caption>structure of mucus
the red central rod is made of the protein mucin, the blue bristles are long chains of mucopolysaccharide sugars</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/wallpaper-paste.jpg</image:loc><image:title>wallpaper paste</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/treacle.jpg</image:loc><image:title>treacle</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide23.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title></image:image><lastmod>2013-09-29T21:23:53+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/09/22/chest-pain-and-horsemeat-lasagna/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/book.jpg</image:loc><image:title>book</image:title><image:caption>This book tells you almost all you need to know about fats.</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/ldl-gift.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Ldl gift</image:title><image:caption>Gift-wrapped LDL particles are taken up by cells to provide cholesterol for cell membranes</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/platelet-activation.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Platelet activation</image:title><image:caption>When platelets encounter collagen they activate and change shape. They stick together with the sticky glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. Activated platelets release thromboxane and ADP to tell nearby unactivated platelets to come and join the party.</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide18.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title><image:caption>Cholesterol is incorporated into the phospholipid membrane to make it stiffer and less leaky</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/cholesterol.jpg</image:loc><image:title>cholesterol</image:title><image:caption>structure of cholesterol</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/cow-rumen.jpg</image:loc><image:title>cow rumen</image:title><image:caption>The rumen of a cow is huge - it fills up much of the inside of the animal</image:caption></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/cakes.jpg</image:loc><image:title>cakes</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide6.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide6</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide22.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide17.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title></image:image><lastmod>2013-09-28T14:03:13+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/09/02/phlegm-and-horseradish/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/neutrophil-3.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Neutrophil 3</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/diagram.jpg</image:loc><image:title>diagram</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/wasabe.jpg</image:loc><image:title>wasabe</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/domestos.jpg</image:loc><image:title>domestos</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/neutrophi-2.gif</image:loc><image:title>neutrophi 2</image:title></image:image><lastmod>2013-09-22T20:50:53+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/09/15/asthma-and-pineapple/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/pineapple.jpg</image:loc><image:title>pineapple</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/hookworm.jpg</image:loc><image:title>hookworm</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide14.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide13.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide12.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide2.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide2</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide3.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide3</image:title></image:image><lastmod>2013-09-20T16:54:15+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/08/30/toast-and-diabetes/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/slide1.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title></image:image><lastmod>2014-02-22T08:24:39+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/2013/09/08/vodka-and-sweetbreads/</loc><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/ethanol-2.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Ethanol-2</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/vodka-and-tonic.jpg</image:loc><image:title>vodka and tonic</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide11.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide1.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Slide1</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/bucket-ladle.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Bucket ladle</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/bucket-hole-2.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Bucket hole 2</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/slide0001.gif</image:loc><image:title>Slide0001</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/vodka.jpg</image:loc><image:title>vodka</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/istock_000008514896xsmallsweetbread.jpg</image:loc><image:title>Seared lamb sweetbread in a skillet.</image:title></image:image><image:image><image:loc>https://wardroundstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/thiamine-oil.jpg</image:loc><image:title>thiamine oil</image:title></image:image><lastmod>2016-01-10T14:23:57+00:00</lastmod><changefreq>monthly</changefreq></url><url><loc>https://wardroundstuff.com</loc><changefreq>daily</changefreq><priority>1.0</priority><lastmod>2016-01-10T14:23:57+00:00</lastmod></url></urlset>
